A silent menace that is slowly spreading in India is esophageal cancer. While the talk of cancer awareness is increasing in India, only the more common types like lung and stomach cancer are in the spotlight. However, esophageal cancer, a cancer that affects the esophagus, the food pipe of the body, is currently being seen in increasing numbers.
This disease accounts for about 6% of all cancer cases in India. Since it affects the functioning of the esophagus, precautions and public awareness are essential.
How does this disease occur? Who is at highest risk?
Esophageal cancer comes in two main types:
1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma:
It develops in the lining of the esophagus and is often associated with habits such as tobacco and alcohol.
2. Adenocarcinoma:
It develops in the glandular cells in the lower part of the esophagus. Conditions such as heartburn, GERD, and Barrett’s Esophagus are thought to be the cause.
Other risk factors include:
*Drinking too much hot drinks
*A diet low in fruits and vegetables
*A condition in which acid from the stomach flows back into the esophagus (GERD)
*Obesity, genetic diseases (Tylosis, Plummer-Vinson Syndrome)
*Previous radiation therapy to the chest area.
Symptoms appear late
Since the disease does not show any symptoms in the early stages, there is a high chance of late detection. However, as the disease progresses, the following symptoms appear.
*Difficulty swallowing food
*Weight gain and fatigue
*Chest pain or irritation
*Persistent cough, voice change
*Persistent heartburn or indigestion
Although these symptoms may seem normal, it is important to consult a doctor if they persist.
Key diagnostic tests
*Endoscopy – A tube with a camera is inserted through the mouth to look inside the esophagus.
*Biopsy – Tissue will be taken and examined for cancer cells.
*Advanced scans such as CT, PET SCAN, MRI can detect spread.
*Barium X-ray – Shows the structure of the esophagus through X-rays.
All of these together help to confirm the basic stage of the disease (staging) and create a treatment plan.
Surgery
If it is in the very early stages, the affected part of the esophagus can be surgically removed. Today, robotic surgery is considered the best modern surgical method.
The importance of this method lies in its precise operation, minimal blood loss, and excellent clinical outcomes against cancers. This modern technology is expected to provide excellent results, especially in surgeries performed in the chest, abdomen, and neck areas.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy, given before or after surgery, is usually used in combination with other treatments. Its aim is not only to shrink tumors but also to help completely destroy any remaining cancer cells after surgery.
Radiation Therapy
High-energy radiation is used to kill cancer cells. Chemo-radiation, a combination of radiation and chemotherapy, is mainly given before surgery (neoadjuvant therapy). It is recommended for patients with advanced stages or inoperable conditions to reduce pain. Radiation and chemotherapy are used as treatments for early-stage cancer and inoperable conditions.
Targeted Therapy
Modern drugs that block the pathways responsible for the growth of cancer cells.
Immunotherapy
A method used to stimulate the body’s immune system to destroy cancer cells. It is especially
recommended for cells remaining after chemo-radiation and surgery.
Post-treatment – recovery and life management
Beating cancer is an achievement. But even after that, there will be physiological, nutritional, and psychological challenges:
*Difficulty swallowing, acid reflux, and nutritional deficiencies are possible.
*Initially, a modified diet consisting of soft or liquid foods is recommended.
*Normal functions are restored through speech and swallowing training therapies.
*Continued medical monitoring is necessary as complications such as infection may develop in the surgical area.
Mental health is also important.
Psychological impacts such as stress, fear, and depression can occur in recovering patients. Support groups, psychological counseling, and family play a key role in overcoming this.
Caution and awareness are the guide
Esophageal cancer has now reached a point where it cannot be easily ignored in India. Preventive tests, medical advice and treatment are essential for this. To maintain quality of life – do not ignore the symptoms. Detect early, act with precaution.
